Abstract: To understand the contamination and residue of 12 metal elements in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern and evaluate the risks to human health. ICP-MS was used to detect the contents of Pb,Hg, Cd, Cu, As, Cr, Ba, Co, Ni, V, Tl, and Mn in 15 batches of Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern. Using Monte Carlo simulation technology,considering two different medication methods, the non-carcinogenic health risks of Pb, Cd, Cu,As, Cr, Ba, Co, Ni, V, Tl, and Mn to humans were assessed according to the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) method and the Hazard Index (HI) method. Except for Hg, which was mostly undetected in the Eriocaulon buergerianum samples, all other metal elements were detected. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment results showed that under the condition of using the raw powder for medication, both the P95 and P50 percentile values of THQ for Tl were >1, and the total Hazard Index (HI) indicated that Eriocaulon buergerianum poses a non-carcinogenic risk to all exposed populations. In the case of decoction with water, only the P95 percentile value of THQ for Tl was >1. There is a non-carcinogenic risk associated with the Tl element in Eriocaulon buergerianum, and the harm of the Tl element in TCM to human health needs to be brought to attention.