清宫玻璃窗户形态的演变

The Evolution of Glass Window Forms in the Qing Imperial Palace

  • 摘要: 大约自17世纪初,无色透明的平板玻璃从欧洲传入中国。清代自康熙朝以来,这种新奇的舶来品逐渐在宫廷得以应用。最初由于玻璃尺寸较小,清宫的窗玻璃安装在窗棂的中心位置,四周棂条上仍糊高丽纸,称为“玻璃窗户眼”。“玻璃窗户眼”的玻璃尺寸由小逐渐增大,道光时期玻璃窗户眼的尺寸大者几乎覆盖了整扇窗户,但仍为窗户眼形式,玻璃四周仍糊纸。清晚期的同治末年才开始普遍安装整窗的玻璃。本文通过档案和现存实物的系统梳理,分析清宫窗玻璃从小玻璃窗户眼、到大型玻璃窗户眼、再到整窗玻璃的演变过程,说明了清宫平板玻璃从珍稀到普遍应用的发展历程。

     

    Abstract: Colorless and transparent plate glass was introduced to China from Europe in the early 17th century. This novel imported commodity gradually found its way into the Qing imperial court, commencing during the Kangxi reign. Initially, due to the small size of the glass panes, they were installed primarily within lattice frames, with the surrounding areas still covered with mulberry paper. This unique installation was termed “boli chuanghu yan”, or the “glass window eye”. Over time, the size of the plate glass installed in the windows progressively increased. Up to the Daoguang reign, some of the larger panes almost entirely covered the windows, with only a small proportion of the edges still covered with paper. It wasn’t until the late Tongzhi reign, in the waning years of Qing dynasty, that full-pane windows became prevalent. This study examines the evolution of glass windows within the Qing imperial court—from the modest “glass window eye” to larger panes and ultimately to full-size windows—through a systematic review of archival documents and existing artifacts. It further underscores the development of plate glass within the Qing imperial court, changing from a rarity to widespread utilization.

     

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