乾隆朝明洪武孝陵殿宇地盘图文考

Research of Map and Text of Xiao Mausoleum Hall under Hongwu’s Reign in Ming Dynasty Made in Qianlong’s Period

  • 摘要: 洪武十六年( 1383),明太祖朱元璋陵寝主殿孝陵殿建成,标志着明代陵寝的创制初见成效。直至清代咸丰初期,孝陵殿在明清政权的持续关照下仍完好保存。遗憾的是,大殿于咸丰三年( 1853)遭火灾付之一炬,使今人无法一睹其弘貌。近九十余年来,学界多位研究者对建筑形制进行复原尝试,囿于文献不足,研究成果主要局限于整体形制的判断,对建筑细节尤其大木结构知之甚少。2019年,笔者有幸在中国第一历史档案馆获取《进呈明洪武孝陵殿地盘图事》和《明洪武孝陵殿宇地盘样》两份档案。该档案不仅描绘出孝陵殿的格局,更详细记载着大木构件数目、尺寸等信息,极大程度上弥补了过往研究材料的缺失。本研究通过分析两份档案,结合遗址信息,对建筑形制进行再次复原;同时,分析其中大木构件尺寸信息,揭示其蕴含的明清术语及构件比例权衡关系,为研究明代官式建筑做法提供文献依据,也为更加深刻地认识孝陵殿乃至明代陵寝规制抛砖引玉。

     

    Abstract: In the 16th year of the Hongwu’s reign (1383), the Ming Xiao Mausoleum Hall was constructed, marking the initial success of Ming Dynasty Mausoleum System. The main hall remained intact under the protection of the Ming and Qing dynasties until the Xianfeng’s period. However, it was unfortunately destroyed by fire in the third year of the Xianfeng’s reign (1853), rendering its original appearance unknown to the public. For the past 90 years, numerous academic researchers have attempted to reconstruct its form through conjectures, yet their efforts were primarily limited to overall form judgments due to the scarcity of literature. Little information was available about the building’s details, particularly its large wooden structures. In 2019, the author acquired two archives from the First Historical Archives of China: “On Presenting the Ming Hongwu’s Xiao Mausoleum Hall Map Sample” and “Ming Hongwu’s Xiao Mausoleum Hall Map Sample”. These archives contain patterns of the Xiao Mausoleum Hall and detailed information on components, quantities, sizes, and more, significantly filling the gaps in previous research materials. Based on the archives in combination with information from the site, this paper further hypothesizes the hall’s shape. It also analyzes the size information of the large wooden structures and reveals the terminology system and component proportion examination between the Ming and Qing dynasties. This paper not only contributes to the documentation of Ming dynasty official architecture but also aims to foster a deeper understanding of the Xiao Mausoleum Hall and the entire mausoleum system of Ming dynasty at large.

     

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