基于CEEMDAN功率分解的火电厂混合储能容量优化配置
Optimal Configuration of Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity in Thermal Power Plants Based on CEEMDAN Power Decomposition
收稿日期: 2023-10-11 修回日期: 2023-12-17
Received: 2023-10-11 Revised: 2023-12-17
作者简介 About authors
戴申华,男,1984年生,高级工程师。主要研究方向为电网与储能。E-mail:
刘旭,男,1984年生,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为新型永磁电机及开关磁阻电机驱动控制、电机驱动及集成技术。E-mail:
为了解决火电机组跟随自动发电量指令(Automatic generation control, AGC)响应延迟大、超调大等问题,提出一种基于完全噪声辅助聚合经验模态分解(Complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, CEEMDAN)的混合储能系统容量优化配置方法。首先,通过某时间段火电机组跟随AGC指令输出曲线,获得混合储能系统需要提供的功率。在此基础上,利用CEEMDAN将需求功率进行分解,获得不同频率下火电机组与AGC指令之间的误差。选择合适的储能元件,构建火电厂响应AGC指令的混合储能系统结构模型,在考虑能量型储能元件磷酸铁锂电池与功率型储能元件飞轮储能系统两类不同储能设备工作特性的情况下进行功率分配。在考虑储能系统荷电状态(State of charge, SOC)、容量与充放电功率等约束下,建立以综合成本最小为目标的容量优化配置模型,将功率分解结果与容量配置模型联合优化,获得最优功率分配情况和对应的储能配置方案。提供工程案例分析,结果表明所提方法可以有效弥补火电机组跟随AGC指令的延迟功率响应,提高火电机组供电可靠性和经济效益,同时相较于单一储能元件,本方案所设计混合储能系统拥有更优经济性。
关键词:
In order to solve the problem of considerable delay and error in response to automatic generation control(AGC) instructions in thermal power generating units, a method for optimizing the capacity configuration of a hybrid energy storage system based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN) is developed. First, the power required by the hybrid energy storage system is obtainedby following the AGC instructionand its response curve of the thermal power generating units over a certain period of time. Based on this, the demand power is decomposed by using CEEMDAN to yield the error between the AGC instruction and its response curve of the thermal power generating units at different frequencies. By selecting the appropriate energy storage components, a hybrid energy storage system structure model that cooperates in the response of the AGC instructions in the thermal power plant is constructed, and the power distribution is carried outunder the condition of considering the working characteristics of two different types of energy storage equipment: energy-type lithium iron phosphate battery and power-type flywheel battery. Finally, a capacity optimization configuration model is established with the objective of minimizing overall costs while accounting for constraints such as the state of charge(SOC) of the energy storage system, capacity, and charge/discharge power. The results of the power decomposition are optimized synergistically with the capacity configuration model to determine the optimal power allocation and corresponding energy storage configuration scheme. An example is demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in compensating for the delayed power response resulting in thermal power generating units with high reliability and economic efficiency. And compared with a single energy storage element, the hybrid energy storage system designed in this scheme has better economy.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
戴申华, 王琨玥, 曹蓓, 张啸天, 高萧, 刘旭.
DAI Shenhua, WANG Kunyue, CAO Bei, ZHANG Xiaotian, GAO Xiao, LIU Xu.
1 引言
为了解决电力系统在运行中的频率调节和负荷分配问题,满足电能质量标准,自动发电控制(Automatic generation control, AGC)[1]作为主要解决手段成为并网发电厂有偿辅助服务之一,得到了广泛应用,有助于防止导致大范围停电或敏感设备损坏的频率偏差。电力调度交易机构依据用户端用电波动,向发电厂下发指令,通过考虑发电机组损耗、效率等因素,按特定优化调度指令发电以满足网侧频率与功率要求。但是由于火电机组本身惯性大、响应较慢,无法跟随快速变化的指令,进而影响发电厂收益,制约电网安全可靠运行。为此,寻找一种可靠的系统辅助火电机组跟随AGC指令成为了亟待解决的问题。
上述研究功率分配以一个频率界限或者直接将分解信号的一部分分配给一个储能元件,另一部分分配给其他储能元件,而将功率分配考虑进优化过程的研究较少。针对上述问题,本文提出以磷酸铁锂电池和飞轮储能组成的混合储能系统(Hybrid energy storage system, HESS)配合火电机组跟随AGC指令的功率分配与容量配置。CEEMDAN是一种具有较强抗模态混叠能力的信号处理方法,能够有效降低重构误差[14-15]。本文采用CEEMDAN将火电机组由于惯性而无法快速跟随AGC指令的差值分解成多个功率需求。根据磷酸铁锂电池[16]和飞轮储能系统[17-18]的响应特性,建立储能系统参与功率调节的成本函数,并以经济性最优为目标优化配置混合储能系统,从而获得功率分配及混合储能系统容量配置情况[19]。
2 混合储能辅助火电机组系统
将蓄电池-飞轮储能系统混合储能系统加入辅助火电机组调节功率后,新型发电厂将包括发电机组和混合储能系统两部分。发电机组与混合储能系统的能量流通通过厂用变压器实现,信息交互通过混合储能系统的EMU实现,如图1所示。
图1
混合储能系统包含飞轮储能系统、蓄电池等。储能系统通过储能逆变器及变压器接入厂用电母线,在保证系统安全工作的情况下,进行功率补充。
2.1 磷酸铁锂电池
图2
2.2 飞轮储能系统
飞轮储能系统的基本原理是利用电能驱动电机高速旋转以完成电池充电,以动能的形式储存能量;在放电时,利用飞轮的惯性拖动电机发电,把存储的动能以电能的形式输出;在保持状态时,系统以最小损耗维持飞轮电机的运动状态,电池侧与电网侧没有能量流动。
飞轮储能系统依靠转子旋转储存能量,其储能量可以由式(2)表示
式中,E为飞轮储能系统储电量(J);J为飞轮电机转子转动惯量(kg·m2);ω为飞轮旋转角速度(rad/s)。
为研究飞轮储能系统的充放电控制策略以及功率分配策略,需要对飞轮储能系统的荷电状态进行检测。飞轮储能系统的荷电状态(State of charge, SOC)反映当前飞轮储能系统存储能量占放电容量的百分比,其计算方法如式(3)所示
式中,ω为飞轮旋转角速度(rad/s);ωmax为飞轮设定最高旋转角速度(rad/s)。
飞轮电池的运行功率由电磁转矩乘转速确定,无法在全荷电状态下保持满功率充放电,为保持充放电功率稳定,需要确定额定转矩时的最低转速限制。同时为了防止飞轮电池出现转速超限情况,充放电工作区最高转速应低于额定转速,因此飞轮电池的SOC工作区域如式(4)所示
式中,
3 基于CEEMDAN的功率分解的混合储能容量配置
储能系统的成本一般包括初始购置成本和置换成本。初始购置成本包括储能选址、设备选购等,分为容量成本和功率成本。容量成本是指可存储能量设备(以千瓦时或兆瓦时为单位)的相关成本,代表实际储存介质(例如电池)及其相关基础设施的成本。功率成本是指与储能系统充放电速率(以千瓦或兆瓦为单位)相关的费用,代表了控制电力进出存储系统所需的电力电子设备、逆变器和其他设备成本。置换成本指当设备安全使用年限小于储能系统运行年限时而换新的成本。由于飞轮电池的寿命极长,在本文中认定为无限寿命,即在整个生命周期内无需更换。
3.1 磷酸铁锂电池与飞轮储能系统成本函数
在全寿命周期内磷酸铁锂电池投资成本的表达式为
式中,CPB为蓄电池的单位功率成本(元/kW);PBO为优化后的蓄电池功率(kW);CCB为蓄电池的单位容量成本(元/(kW·h));EBO为优化后的蓄电池容量(kW·h);r=6%,表示未来有限期预期收益折算成现值的比率;TLCC表示考虑到设备寿命历程所有环节而确定的时间,在本例中暂定20年;n为寿命无法达到20年设备的更换次数(共投入储能n+1次),n=TLCC/Tlife,其中Tlife为储能等效循环寿命。电池放电深度选为60%,通过式(1)确定可用循环次数;基于雨滴流计法测量功率调节过程中电池循环次数,获得电池使用寿命。
蓄电池储能的运行成本包括运行修护成本、退役处理成本以及其他相关成本。其中,运行修护成本是为确保蓄电池储能高效可靠运行的费用,依据储能系统各设备运行年限增长而频率提高。由于磷酸铁锂电池内部金属元素可回收再次利用,其中的有害成分需要进行无害化处理,处理蓄电池储能设备所花费的资金为退役成本。储能系统运行周期内蓄电池运行修护成本的表达式如式(6)所示
式中,CBPOM为单位功率运维成本(元/kW);CEOM为单位容量运维成本(元/kW);W(t)为储能年充放电电量(元/(kW·h))。
全寿命周期蓄电池退役处理成本的表达式为
式中,CBPscr为单位功率退役成本(元/kW);CBEscr为单位容量退役成本(元/(kW·h))。
全寿命周期蓄电池退役处理成本的表达式为
在全寿命周期内飞轮储能系统投资成本的表达式为
式中,CPF为飞轮储能系统单位功率成本(元/kW);PFO为优化后的飞轮储能系统功率(kW);CCF为飞轮储能系统单位容量成本(元/(kW·h));CFO为优化后的飞轮储能系统容量(kW·h)。
基于上文讨论,飞轮储能系统在全寿命周期内寿命无限长,无需更换,即无更换成本。由于飞轮储能系统的主要材料为金属,无需进行无害化处理,因此没有报废成本。
全寿命周期内飞轮储能系统运行维护成本的表达式为
式中,CFPOM为单位功率运维成本(元/kW)。
飞轮储能系统全寿命周期总成本表达式为
3.2 约束条件
3.2.1 功率平衡约束
储能系统输出功率(磷酸铁锂电池与飞轮储能系统功率输出总和)等于发电机组无法满足指令功率的差值,如式(12)所示
3.2.2 SOC约束
为保障储能系统运行在安全的范围之内,其蓄电池和飞轮储能系统SOC应控制在上下限,即
式中,Pt,cha表示t时刻的充电功率,Pt,dis表示t时刻的放电功率,在t时刻,至少有一值为0;SOCt,min和SOCt,max分别表示储能设备设定的SOC下限和SOC上限。
3.2.3 充放电功率和额定容量约束
为保障储能系统安全,发热量控制合理,蓄电池和飞轮储能系统充放电功率应控制在上下限,如式(15)、(16)所示,额定容量约束由式(17)表示。
3.3 基于CEEMDAN的配置优化
混合储能系统的容量配置问题由功率分配和配置优化两部分组成,为了建立以经济性最优为目标优化配置模型,本文采用基于CEEMDAN配置优化方案,相较于傅里叶变换、小波变换、EMD(经验模态分解)等,此方法在处理功率需求信号(非线性非平稳信号)更准确稳定。基于全寿命周期成本(Life cycle cost,LCC)理论,以飞轮电池和蓄电池的容量为优化对象,以全寿命周期经济性最优为优化目标,设置设备层与系统层约束条件对对象容量进行优化配置。储能系统的成本包括投资成本和运行成本。
在本文中,储能系统参与发电机组功率调节,在成本最低的目标下实现最优配置,可表示为
式中,CBat为蓄电池储能系统成本;CFlyw为飞轮储能系统储能系统成本。
3.3.1 CEEMDAN功率分解
CEEMDAN(完全噪声辅助聚合经验模态分解)是在CEEMD(互补集合经验模态分解)的基础上进一步发展的一种基于自适应噪声控制的信号分解方法。与CEEMD不同,CEEMDAN在随机噪声的构建和添加中采用了自适应控制策略,以便更好地控制噪声的大小和分布,从而改善信号分解的准确性和稳定性。CEEMDAN算法的基本流程如下所示。
步骤1:将满足标准正态分布的高斯白噪声ωi[n]与其自适应系数εi-1所组成的噪声分量ε0ωi[n]加入原始信号x[n],通过EMD实现x[n]+ ε0ωi[n]分解,以获得固有模态函数(Intrinsic mode functions, IMF) IMF1[n]。
式中,K为高斯白噪声序列;
步骤2:计算CEEMDAN的第一个残差ri[n]。
步骤3:向第一个残差加入自适应白噪声ε1E1·(ωk[n])后,对ri[n]+ε1E1(ωk[n])再次进行EMD,计算第二个分量IMF2[n]。
式中,Ei(·)表示通过EMD将一个序列分解得到的IMFi分量。
步骤4:重复步骤2、3,直至残差无法再次进行EMD分解,求解得到残差和模态分量。
步骤5:若无法进行Ei (·)时,则终止并得到残差R(n)。
式中,n为IMF分量数量。
3.3.2 容量优化配置算法
图3
3.3.3 基于不同模态分量分界点的容量配置过程
基于上述功率信号分解方案以及容量配置优化策略,为实现经济性最优目标,本文采用以各模态分量作为分界点,逐点进行容量配置优化的方法探寻系统整体经济性最优方案,该方案的流程图如图4所示。
图4
4 工程效果分析
图5
图6
图7
图8
求解混合储能系统优化配置模型,需要根据储能系统选取合适的参数,本文中蓄电池和飞轮储能系统相关参数如表2所示。其中蓄电池的功率成本与容量成本由储能配置中功率与容量之比确定,本文中蓄电池储能配置功率比容量为1;而飞轮储能系统功率成本与容量成本与配置功率、容量之比无关,功率与容量配置可根据最终优化结果定制。
表2 储能系统相关参数
对象 | 性能指标 | 数值 |
---|---|---|
蓄电池 | 单位功率成本/(元/kW) | 5 000 |
单位容量成本/[元/(kW·h)] | 2 000 | |
运维成本/[元/(kW·h)] | 5×10-3 | |
处置成本/(元/kW) | 1 | |
处置成本/[元/(kW·h)] | 1 | |
SOC上下限 | (0.2, 0.8) | |
飞轮储能系统 | 单位功率成本/(元/kW) | 2 000 |
单位容量成本/[元/(kW·h)] | 10 000 | |
运维成本/[元/(kW·h)] | 7.5×10-3 | |
SOC上下限 | (0.50, 0.95) |
图9
图10
图11
当分界点K为12时为最优频率分界点确定储能系统的参考功率,同时经过优化算法实现在该功率分配情况下储能系统经济成本配置最优方案。蓄电池作为能量型储能元件,其能量密度高、储能容量大,可承担低频功率;飞轮储能系统作为功率型储能元件,具有频繁和快速充放电的特性,可承担高频功率,因此将IMF1~IMF12高频功率分配给飞轮储能系统,将剩余的IMF分量分配给蓄电池。其功率分配结果如图12所示,对比两条曲线可以看出,飞轮储能系统通过快速跟踪响应使得高频功率迅速变化,而蓄电池的功率变换缓慢且充放电次数少。
图12
图13展示了分配功率后储能系统容量变化情况。通过CEEMDAN将功率信号分解,并通过优化配置方法确定分界点K,可有效延长储能系统的使用寿命,特别是蓄电池的使用年限。
图13
图14
为验证混合储能优于单独的储能系统,根据磷酸铁锂电池、飞轮储能系统储能特性,选取3种配置方案,分别为仅飞轮储能系统储能;蓄电池与飞轮储能系统混合储能;仅蓄电池储能,其不同配置方案下的储能容量优化配置结果如表3所示。在仅飞轮储能系统储能配置方案下,功率为30 MW,容量为27.40 MW·h,成本为0.334亿元;在蓄电池与飞轮储能系统混合储能配置方案下,蓄电池配置功率为18.57 MW、容量为18.57 MW·h,飞轮储能系统配置功率为36.03 MW、容量为4.94 MW·h,成本为0.219亿元;在仅蓄电池储能配置方案下,功率为30 MW,容量为30 MW·h,成本为0.229亿元。
表3 储能优化配置结果
参数 | 蓄电池 | 飞轮储能 系统 | CEEMDAN |
---|---|---|---|
PbN/MW | 30 | — | 18.57 |
CbN/(MW·h) | 30 | — | 18.57 |
PfN/MW | — | 30 | 36.03 |
CfN/(MW·h) | — | 27.40 | 4.94 |
成本/ (×108 元) | 2.29 | 3.34 | 2.19 |
从经济性上看,通过CEEMDAN方法为混合储能系统进行功率分配可以降低系统的总成本。相对单一的蓄电池、飞轮储能系统总成本分别下降4.34%、34.43%。同时除经济条件外,混合储能系统相较纯蓄电池储能系统拥有较高的安全性及环保性,能减少蓄电池储能系统带来的运行环境管理、废料处理等问题的影响,综合考虑其配置结果与经济性,故选取混合储能方法作为弥补火电机组跟随AGC指令延迟功率的有效方案。
5 结论
由于火电机组惯性大、延迟大等特性,对AGC指令响应延迟,混合储能系统作为一种辅助手段,可以提高火电机组对AGC指令的响应。为了解决混合储能优化配置问题,本文提出一种基于CEEMDAN的火电厂混合储能系统容量配置方法。通过算例分析,得到以下结论。
(1) 为了解决混合储能系统的响应性能与最优经济成本问题,基于CEEMDAN分解需求功率,可以实现蓄电池与飞轮储能系统的优势互补。
(2) 基于改进萤火虫算法,在避免人为因素影响的同时结合寻优算法,可以实现功率分配与成本经济性的双层优化,在保证响应性能的基础上降低了混合储能系统的经济成本。
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