电气工程学报, 2015, 10(6): 41-46 doi:

理论研究

基于半桥变换器与次序耦合变压器的超级电容均压

李洪珠, 孙佳月, 马文涛, 程江涛

辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院 葫芦岛 125105

Voltage Balancing for Supercapacitor Based on a Half-Bridge Inverter and Sequence Coupling Transformer

Li Hongzhu, Sun Jiayue, Ma Wentao, Chen Jiangtao

Liaoning Technical University Electrical Control Engineering Institute Huludao 125105 China

责任编辑: 郭丽军

收稿日期: 2015-01-19   网络出版日期: 2015-06-25

Received: 2015-01-19   Online: 2015-06-25

作者简介 About authors

李洪珠 男 1974年生,副教授,博士研究生。主要从事电力电子和电力系统领域的研究。

孙佳月 女 1990年生,硕士研究生,主要从事电力电子磁集成技术研究。

摘要

针对于超级电容串联储能系统中单体电压不均衡的问题,本文介绍了一种基于半桥变换器和首尾次序耦合变压器的均压电路。利用次序耦合绕组可以减小因变压器单元漏感误差而引起的超级电容单体电压不均衡。该电路结构简单,还可以均衡超级电容器的电压,恒定开关频率和占空比,不需要反馈控制环节。通过分析半桥变换器每个工作模态,建立了输出电压方程,推导了串联超级电容电压均衡方程。根据电路特性,分析了变压器匝比设计方程及实现软开关变压器原边漏感要求。仿真及实验结果表明此均压电路具有均压速度快且均压效果好的特点。

关键词: 半桥变换器 ; 次序耦合 ; 超级电容器 ; 电压均衡

Abstract

According to the problem that cell voltage imbalance of series connected super capacitor in energy storage system, this paper presented a voltage-balance circuit for super capacitors in a half-bridge inverter based on the sequence coupling array integrated magnetic method.Sequence coupling method was used in secondary winding of converter to achieve voltage balance of monomer, which can reduced voltage unbalance caused by leakage error in transformer. The circuit topology is simple, and can automatically balance super capacitor voltage ,feedback control can be eliminated when the system is operated with a fixed switching frequency and duty ratio. By analyzing the each working mode of half-bridge converter, established the output voltage equations,and the super capacitor voltage balance equation. According to the circuit characteristics, analyzes the design equation of the transformer turns ratio,and the leakage inductance of the transformer primary to achieve soft switch。The simulation and experimental results show that this equalizing circuit has both speed and pressure equalizing good features.

Keywords: Half-bridge inverter ; sequence coupling transformer ; super capacitor ; voltage equalization

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本文引用格式

李洪珠, 孙佳月, 马文涛, 程江涛. 基于半桥变换器与次序耦合变压器的超级电容均压. 电气工程学报[J], 2015, 10(6): 41-46 doi:

Li Hongzhu. Voltage Balancing for Supercapacitor Based on a Half-Bridge Inverter and Sequence Coupling Transformer. Journal of Electrical Engineering[J], 2015, 10(6): 41-46 doi:

1 引言

微网是由分布式电源、分布式储能和能量管理模块构成负荷的供电系统,与负荷一起组成一个独立的可控系统,解决了大电网与分布式电源之间的矛盾。储能系统是调节微电源性能,保证负荷供电质量,抑制系统振荡的重要环节,因此储能技术在微网中具有十分重要的作用。超级电容器[1,2,3]作为一种新型的储能器件,具有法拉级甚至数千法拉的容量,作为介于传统静态电容和电池之间的新型储能元件,超级电容器具有功率密度高,充放电速度快,使用温度宽,循环寿命长的优点,因此被广泛用于微网储能系统中。但超级电容器单体电压较低,必须将多个超级电容器串联起来满足电压的需求。超级电容容量偏差、漏电流以及等效串联电阻的不同,都会使超级电容在充电时出现过充电现象,影响电容器使用寿命,因此超级电容在串联应用时必须考虑均压问题。

目前超级电容器的均压方法主要有能耗型和回馈型两种[4],能耗型包括并联稳压二极管法和开关电阻法[5],这种均压方法的优点是电路简单、成本低,缺点是二极管和电阻消耗能量,损耗严重。回馈型包括DC-DC变换器法[6]和开关电容法[7],该均压方法的优点是能量消耗低、均压速度快,缺点是电路结构复杂,系统控制困难。

本文介绍了一种基于半桥变换器和首尾次序耦合变压器的均压电路,利用变压器单元二次绕组首尾相接实现超级电容能量转移。此均压电路明显地减少了电路的复杂性,且均压过程不需要反馈控制环节。通过仿真分析和实验,验证了该新型电压均衡电路的可行性和有效性。

2 均压电路模型及其原理分析

2.1 电路拓扑结构

图1 为所采用的超级电容器电压均衡电路原理图,为便于分析,本文给出4 个超级电容器串联的情况。分压电容C1C2与开关S1、S2组成半桥DC-AC变换器;T1~T2为2个电压比相同的变压器,Lp为变压器漏感,如图2所示,每个变压器由3个绕组构成,绕组Na为一次绕组,NbNc为二次绕组,T1的一次绕组N1-a和T2的一次绕组N2-a并联,T1的二次绕组N1-c与T2的二次绕组N2-b串联,T2的二次绕组N2-c与T1的二次绕组N1-b串联,实现变压器二次绕组首尾次序耦合;VD1~VD4为二极管,SC1~SC4为串联的超级电容器。

图1

图1   超级电容器电压均衡模型

Fig.1   The voltage balancing model of supercapacitor


图2

图2   隔离变压器单元

Fig.2   Isolation transformer unit


2.2 工作原理分析

半桥变换器的开关S1和S2以接近50% 的占空比互补导通,超级电容器的端电压分别为VSC1VSC2VSC3VSC4,二极管压降为 Vd,由图2可得变压器一次绕组电压为

变压器二次绕组的端电压为

在一个开关周期Ts内,超级电容器均压过程可以分为四个模态,其工作波形如图3所示,四个模态的均压等效电路如图4所示。

图3

图3   工作波形

Fig. 3   The working waveforms


图4

图4   均压等效电路

Fig. 4   Equivalent circuits of voltage balance


模态1(t0~t1)(图4a):开关S1导通,变压器漏感Lp中的电流iLp上升,分为两种情况:

(1)当超级电容器单体电压小于变压器二次电压时,二极管VD2和VD4导通,流过二极管VD2和VD4的电流iVD2iVD4上升,此时

(2)当超级电容器的单体电压大于变压器二次电压时,超级电容器所对应的二极管不导通,超级电容器将能量回馈给电源。

模态2(t1~t2)(图4b):开关S1关断,变压器漏感Lp中的电流iLp经过开关S2中的反并联二极管续流,S2ZVS导通,且二极管VD2和VD4持续导通,电流iLp下降,流过二极管VD2和VD4的电流iVD2iVD4下降。

模态3(t2~t3)(图4c):在t3时刻,变压器漏感Lp中的电流iLp下降到0,电流iLp开始反向上升,也分为两种情况:

(1)当超级电容器单体电压小于变压器二次电压时,二极管VD1和VD3导通,流过二极管VD1和VD3的电流iVD1iVD3增长,此时

(2)当超级电容器的单体电压大于变压器二次电压时,同模态1(2)的情况。

模态4(t3~t0)(图4d):开关S2关断,变压器漏感Lp中的电流iLp经过开关S1中的反并联二极管续流,S1ZVS导通,且二极管VD1和VD3持续导通,变压器漏感Lp中的电流iLp反向下降,流过二极管VD1和VD3的电流iVD1iVD3下降。当电流iLp下降到0时,开始下一个周期。由式(2)~式(4)得

设变压器的匝比为na : nb : nc,其中nb = nc = ns,由式(1)和式(5)可得,各超级电容端电压表达式为

2.3 参数的设计

半桥变换器在前后两个半周期内的工作原理相同,这里只对t0~t2阶段进行分析。假设半桥变换器无损耗,在模态1和模态2中,变压器漏感Lp上的电压分别为VLp1VLp2,则有

稳定情况下,根据伏秒特性,有式(8)成立。

TS1TS2的关系为

由式(7)~式(9)可得

设开关管的占空比为d,则

若要实现开关的ZVS导通,需要满足

把式(10)和式(11)代入式(12)得

变压器漏感Lp

结合式(8)和式(10)得

一般,半桥变换器中的变压器一次电压Va满足关系

根据式(6)可得变压器的匝比为

3 仿真与实验

利用Saber仿真软件对图1所示的均压原理图进行了仿真,仿真参数如下:Vin = 10.8V,开关频率为f = 20kHz,S1和S2为MOSFET功率开关管,占空比为0.48,二极管的压降为VVD = 0.36V,C1 = C2 = 1 000μF,电压比为na = nb = nc = 51 : 15 : 15,耦合系数均为0.96,超级电容参数见表1,仿真结果如图5所示。

表1   超级电容参数

Tab.1  Supercapacitor Parameters

参 数名 称
SC1SC2SC3SC4
额定电压/V2.72.72.72.7
容量/F2929.53031
ESR/mΩ100110115105
初始电压/V1.310.61.6

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


图5

图5   电流仿真波形

Fig.5   Simulation waveforms of current


图5a表明漏感电流iLp在一个周期内成对称的正负两部分,开关S1和开关S2交替导通且能实现ZVS导通。因为超级电容SC3的初始值最小,与变压器二次侧的电压差最大,因而流过二极管VD3的电流最大,如图5b所示。

图6为超级电容器仿真均压曲线,因为超级电容器的串联等效电阻很小,在给超级电容充电的初始时刻,会出现一个比较大的充电电流,使超级电容器的初始电压发生改变,因而图6中的初始时刻的超级电容去电压并不是初始时刻给定的电压,从图6可知,约13s时,4个超级电容器的电压达到均衡。

图6

图6   超级电容仿真均压曲线

Fig.6   The simulation curve of supercapacitor equalization


实验采用的超级电容器为锦州凯美公司生产的HP-2R7-J307UY,单体容量为30F,额定电压为2.7V,开关管为MOSFET IRF540,二极管采用MBR20100CT。工作频率和占空比分别为20kHz和0.48,Vin设置为10.8V。 图7为实验测得的波形图,实验结果与理论分析以及仿真相一致,两个开关S1和S2均可以实现ZVS导通,二极管VD1(VD3)和VD2(VD4)交替导通,实现超级电容器的均压。

图7

图7   实验波形

Fig.7   The experimental waveforms


4 结论

超级电容器因其容量,等效串联内阻等不同,在串联使用时会导致单体电压不均衡,影响超级电容器的使用寿命和可靠性,本文介绍了一种基于半桥变换器和首尾次序耦合变压器的均压电路,变压器一次绕组并联,二次绕组首尾相接,能够实现超级电容器的自主电压均衡,通过分析均压的原理,得到了适用于此电路的占空比以及变压器的匝比,仿真和实验结果验证了该电路具有良好的均压特性。

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